Where to Start with Don Norman: A Reading Guide
Where to start with Don Norman — how to approach The Design of Everyday Things, the foundational text of human-centered design. A complete reading guide.
Don Norman (born 1935) is an American design researcher, professor, and co-founder of the Nielsen Norman Group, one of the world’s leading UX research consultancies. The Design of Everyday Things (originally published in 1988 as The Psychology of Everyday Things, revised in 2013) has sold over 900,000 copies, is used as a textbook in design programmes worldwide, and is regularly cited as the most influential book in the field of human-centered design.
Where to Start: The Design of Everyday Things (2013)
The essential Norman — and the foundational text of human-centered design. The Design of Everyday Things opens with a simple observation that has become one of the most influential ideas in design: when a user makes an error with a designed object, the design is almost always the cause, not the user. The door that can be pushed or pulled but provides no indication of which is a badly designed door. The faucet handles that can be turned in either direction but don’t show which produces hot water are a badly designed faucet. The nuclear power plant control room that triggered a near-disaster because it was designed for experienced operators and not for how human attention works under stress was a catastrophically badly designed control room. The error was the design’s; the user was doing what a reasonable human being would do.
This reframing — from “user error” to “design failure” — is the book’s most important contribution, and Norman develops a vocabulary for diagnosing and correcting design failures with systematic precision.
Affordances are the relationships between an object and its user that suggest possible actions — a handle affords grasping, a flat plate affords pushing, a step affords climbing. Good design makes the right affordances obvious. Signifiers are the signals that communicate where and how actions should occur — the label “PUSH” on a door is a signifier, as is a groove that suggests where a slider moves. Affordances exist whether or not they are visible; signifiers make affordances perceivable. Feedback is the information a system provides about what happened when an action was taken — the click of a light switch, the sound of a sent email. Without feedback, users cannot know whether their action was registered and are forced to guess. Conceptual models are the mental pictures users form about how a system works — when the model a user holds matches the actual system, use is intuitive; when it doesn’t, confusion and error follow.
The revised 2013 edition extends the framework to digital products and mobile interfaces, which makes it more immediately applicable to the designed objects most people interact with most frequently. The core insight — design around how human beings actually behave, not around how we wish they would behave — has not dated, because human cognitive architecture has not changed.
After reading this book, you will be permanently unable to use a badly designed door or faucet without diagnosing what went wrong.
Reading Don Norman
The Design of Everyday Things is Norman’s essential book and the right starting place. It stands alone and requires no prior reading.
For the full Don Norman bibliography, reviews, and biography, visit the Don Norman author page on Editors Reads.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Where should I start with Don Norman?
The Design of Everyday Things (originally 1988, revised 2013) is Norman's essential book — the foundational text of human-centered design. Its vocabulary — affordances, signifiers, feedback loops, conceptual models — has become the lingua franca of product design worldwide. The core argument, that user errors are almost always design failures rather than user failures, permanently changes how you experience every designed object.
What is The Design of Everyday Things about?
The Design of Everyday Things argues that bad design is responsible for most of the frustration and error we attribute to human incompetence. When a door can be pushed or pulled, it should communicate which — and if it doesn't, the resulting confusion is the door's fault, not the user's. Norman develops a vocabulary for diagnosing and improving design: affordances (what actions an object makes possible), signifiers (how it communicates those possibilities), feedback (how it tells users what happened), and conceptual models (what mental picture users form of how it works).
Is The Design of Everyday Things useful for non-designers?
The Design of Everyday Things is useful for anyone who uses designed objects — which is everyone. The revised 2013 edition extends the framework to digital products and mobile interfaces. For professional designers and product developers, it is essential foundational reading. For general readers, it provides a vocabulary for why things frustrate you and what better design would look like. Norman's core insight — that when users fail, the right question is always what the design failed to communicate — is immediately applicable.
What should I read after The Design of Everyday Things?
After The Design of Everyday Things, Steve Krug's Don't Make Me Think applies Norman's principles specifically to web design with practical immediacy. Nir Eyal's Hooked covers how to design products for habitual engagement — the design psychology of behaviour formation. Edward Tufte's The Visual Display of Quantitative Information extends design thinking to information visualisation with comparable rigor.
